Kidney Stones: Prevention and Treatment

What are kidney stones? Kidney stones form in various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. They develop from the crystallization of salts and minerals found in urine and can cause pain, blockages, or urinary tract infections. Common symptoms include severe pain in the abdomen or sides (renal colic), blood in urine, frequent urination or burning sensation during urination, nausea or vomiting, and fever if an infection is present. Causes are multifactorial, such as low fluid intake, diets rich in animal proteins, sodium, or oxalates, genetics, diseases like hyperparathyroidism or urinary tract infections, and anatomical abnormalities. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, imaging tests like ultrasound, X-rays, or CT scans, urine and blood analysis, and chemical analysis of the stones. Key prevention measures include drinking enough fluids (at least 2-2.5 liters daily), reducing salt and animal fat intake, limiting foods high in oxalates (e.g., spinach, chocolate, nuts), and medication in specific cases. Modern treatment methods depend on the stone’s size, location, and composition. RIRS (Flexible Renal Lithotripsy) is a minimally invasive technique using a flexible digital ureteroscope to access the ureter and kidney through the natural pathway (urethra-ureter). Advanced digital technology with microcameras and lasers removes stones painlessly and bloodlessly. The ultra-thin tool (about 2 mm diameter) allows easy navigation within the kidney without causing damage. Mini-PCNL (Mini-PerCutaneous Nephrolithotomy) offers access to the kidney through a smaller channel than traditional PCNL, removing larger stones with less renal tissue trauma. ECIRS (Combined Endoscopic-Retrograde & Percutaneous Surgery) combines the benefits of RIRS and Mini-PCNL for complex or extensive lithiasis, increasing the success rate in one session. Postoperative care varies depending on the method used, but patients may leave the hospital the same day or the next. Adequate hydration and avoiding strenuous physical activity for a few days are recommended. Since stones have a high recurrence rate if underlying causes aren’t addressed, long-term monitoring and personalized prevention by specialized urologists are crucial.